Global trouble of humanity

But despite the severity of the world demographic situation, the peak of the baby boom left behind. What happened? The answer to this question gives the theory of demographic transition, proposed back in 1945, the Western demografom f. Noutstojnom. In accordance with her level of fertility and mortality in General not due to biological and social conditions. The demographic transition refers to the process of progressive changes in fertility, mortality and natural increase as social and economic development of countries. Few simplifying the issue, it can be said that, according to this theory, overcrowding is a function of poverty. Even in the most conservative Islamic societies (for example, some who have grown rich oil exporting countries of the Middle East), "women having to civilization and luxury", do not wish to have any more children, for families with many children as would automatically lower their status in society, they get behind the wheel of a car, and so on.

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As demonstrated in the ' 80s the demographic rollback "would seem to give additional arguments the supporters of" social optimism. " During this period the population of the Earth has been reduced to 1.7 per cent annually in developed countries — up to 1.0% (while in Japan — to 0.7%, while in GERMANY were at a declining population trends at 0.2% per year). Yes, and the most populated country in the world — CHINA — with its more than a billion people had growth rates below the world average. However, even with the modern trend to lower than average population growth (mainly from developed countries) of the world's population is expected to exceed six billion mark around 2000, and barring abrupt changes, such as increasing the size of the human population is likely to continue well into the twenty-first century, yet by the end of its estimated to be stabilized at the level of 10.5-11.0 billion.

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For the geographer is very important regional differentiation of population growth. Having got acquainted with the scheme of the demographic transition, it is not difficult to conclude that the population is growing fastest in the poorest countries of the African continent. Indeed, in the mid-1990s, it has increased by about 3% per year. On this indicator Africa ahead of Asia and Latin America, where the average annual growth rate of about 1.8%. The overall record for a number of years, the natural growth of the population belonged to Kenya — over 4% (which gives a doubling of its population in just 17 years of age).

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State-sponsored birth control trying to Bangladesh, Indonesia, SriLanka, Pakistan and some other Asian and Latin American countries. The lowest efficiency of different demographic policy in underdeveloped countries of Africa because of the weak effectiveness of economic instruments (retardation) and propaganda (illiteracy).

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In the demographic history of mankind can be divided into two large periods. The first of these was the so-called agrarian civilization and lasted until around the second half of the 17th century he had a relatively low population growth. In primitive society, even in the presence of polygamy (i.e. polygamy), natural increase was insignificant, as fertility and mortality, while high, are matched by.

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Development in recent years, not only search, but also the normative population projections gave rise to the concept of "population optimum", which is a mode of reproduction, where the demographic situation might stabilize, falling into relative equilibrium and in the global and regional scales. This is a simple reproduction of the population requires about three children per woman of childbearing age (18-49 years), capable of having children (according to the statistics, their slightly more than 9/10 of the total number of women of the age).

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The population of the former USSR at the time of its collapse amounted to 290 million people. By this measure, the country yielded only CHINA and India. In the mid-1990s, the population of Russia was only 158 million people, and ahead of the United States, were already Brazil and Indonesia.

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The numerical growth of the human race and the issues associated with it, is quite old. She managed to play the role of "frightened" and cause a stream of poisonous irony. At the end of the 18th century English priest Malthus put forth a theory (Malthusianism). According to this theory, the welfare of workers under capitalism is the natural law of population ", which are defined by the fact that the world population is growing exponentially, and production growth is only in arithmetic. And although the basis of the theory of the "clerical demographer" rebutted the entire practice of mankind (in every sufficiently large period of time there has been a reverse relationship: "food production has outpaced population growth"), the demographic problem is not removed from the agenda, but is becoming increasingly acute. What is its essence? Try to understand.

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